Well-being and harm reduction, the consolidated reality of electronic ciga rettes ten years later from this emerging phenomenon: A narrative review
Tobacco use is the greatest threat to public health worldwide, killing more than seven million people annually. This paper, about 10 years after the first review on electronic cigarettes, analyses the evolution that this tool has had in these years. It concludes with comments on the significance of the research and why it consti tutes an original contribution. We searched PubMed (National Library of Medicine), and PsycINFO (Ovid) (2006-2020) for stud ies on e-cigarettes (harms and benefits, e-cigarette use, craving and smoking cessation) and smoking cessation treatment (smok ing cessation treatment or varenicline or tobacco cessation or reduction or bupropion or NRT or behavioral treatment or e cigarette) and evidence suggests that they may effective as smok ing cessation tool and may be less harmful alternatives to com bustible cigarette smoking. Consequently, e-cigarettes could be considered as an applicable instrument for Tobacco Harm Reduction (THR) and smoking cessation.
1. Adriaens, K., Van Gucht, D., Declerck, P., & Baeyens, F. (2014). Effectiveness of the electronic cigarette: An eight-week Flemish study with six-month follow-up on smoking reduction, craving and experienced benefits and complaints. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(11), 11220–11248.
2. Alberg, A. J., & Samet, J. M., (2003). Epidemiology of lung cancer. Chest, 123, 21-49.
3. Bauld, L., Bell, K., McCullough, L., Richardson, L., & Greaves, L. (2010). The effectiveness of NHS smoking cessation services: a systematic review. Journal of Public Health, 32(1), 71-82.
4. Brown, A. & Xing C. (2015) Patent U.S. Patent 9, 215-895.
5. Bullen, C., Howe, C., Laugesen, M., McRobbie, H., Parag, V., Willima, J., & Walker, N. (2013). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. The Lancet, 382(9905), 1629–1637.
6. Burns, D. M. (1991). Cigarettes and cigarette smoking. Clinic in chest medicine, 12(4), 631–642.
7. Cahill, K., Lindson-Hawley, N., & Thomas, K. H. (2016). Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 18(4).
8. Cahill, K., Stevens, S., Perera, R., & Lancaster, T. (2013). Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 31(5).
9. Campagna, D., Cibella, F., Caponnetto, P., Amaradio, M. D., Caruso, M., Morjaria, J. B., Malerba, M., & Polosa, R. (2016). Changes in breathomics from a 1-year randomized smoking cessation trial of electronic cigarettes. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 46(8), 698-706.
10. Caponnetto, P., Campagna, D., Cibella, F., Morjaria, J. B., Caruso, M., Russo, C., et al. (2013). Correction: EffiCiency and Safety of an eLectroniccigAreTte (ECLAT) as Tobacco Cigarettes Substitute: A Prospective 12-Month Randomized Control Design Study. PLoS ONE 9(1).
11. Caponnetto, P., Keller, E., Bruno, C. M., & Polosa, R. (2013). Handling relapse in smoking cessation: strategies and recommendations. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 8(1), 7–12.
12. Caponnetto, P., Russo, C., Bruno, C. M., Alamo, A., Amaradio, M. D., & Polosa, R. (2013). Electronic cigarette: a possible substitute for cigarette dependence. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease: archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace, 79(1), 12–19.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004). The health consequences of smoking: a report of the surgeon general. US Department of Health and Human Services: Atlanta, GA: Office of the Surgeon General (US), Office on Smoking and Health (US).
14. Chen, R., Aherrera, A., Isichei, C., Olmedo, P., Jarmul, S., Cohen, J. E., Navas-Acien, A., & Rule, A. M. (2017). Assessment of indoor air quality at an electronic cigarette (vaping) convention. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 28, 522–529.
15. Cibella, F., Campagna, D., Caponnetto, P., Amaradio, M. D., Caruso, M., Russo, C., Cockcroft, D. W., & Polosa, R. (2016). Lung function and respiratory symptoms in a randomized smoking cessation trial of electronic cigarettes. Clinical Science, 130(21), 1929-1937.
16. Cobb, N. K., Byron, M. J., Abrams, D. B., & Shields, P. G. (2010). Novel nicotine delivery systems and public health: The rise of the “e-cigarette”. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 2340-2342.
17. Cooke, W. H., Pokhrel A., Dowling, C., Fogt, D. L., & Rickards, C. A. (2015). Acute inhalationof vaporized nicotine increases arterial pressure in young non-smokers: A pilot study. Clinical Autonomic Research, 25(4), 267-270.
18. Cravo, A. S., Bush, J., Sharma, G., Savioz, R., Martin, C., Craige, S., & Walele, T. (2016). A randomised, parallel group study to evaluate the safety profile of an electronic vapour product over 12 weeks. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 81, S1-S14.
19. D’ruiz, C. D., O’Connell, G., Graff, D. W., & Yan, X. S. (2017). Measurement of cardiovascular and pulmonary function endpoints and other physiological effects following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes in adult smokers. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 87, 36-53.
20. Dawkins, L., & Corcoran, O. (2014). Acute electronic cigarette use: Nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users. Psychopharmacology, 231(2), 401–407.
21. Dawkins, L., Munafo, M., Christoforou, G., Olumegbon, N., & Soar, K. (2016). The effects of e-cigarette visual appearance on craving and withdrawal symptoms in abstinent smokers. Psychology of addictive behaviors, 30(1), 101–105.
22. de Marco, R., Accordini, S., Cerveri, I., Corsico, A., Sunyer, J., Neukirch, F., Künzli, N., Leynaert, B., Janson, C., Gislason, T., Vermeire, P., Svanes, C., Anto, J. M., Burney, P., & European Community Respiratory Health Survey Study Group (2004). An international survey of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young adults according to GOLD stages. Thorax, 59(2), 120-125.
23. DeMeo, D. L., Carey, V. J., Chapman, H. A., Reilly, J. J., Ginns, L. C., Speizer, F. E., Weiss, S. T., & Silverman, E. K. (2004). Familial aggregation of FEF25–75 and FEF25–75/FVC in families with severe, early onset COPD. Thorax, 59(5), 396-400.
24. DiFranza, J. R., & Lew, R. A. (1996). Morbidity and mortality in children associated with use of tobacco products by other people. Pediatrics, 97(4), 560-568.
25. Doll, R., Peto, R., Boreham, J., & Sutherland, I. (2004). Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ, 328(7455), 1519–1528.
26. El Dib, R., Suzumura, E. A., Akl, E. A., Gomaa, H., Agarwal, A., Chang, Y., Prasad, M., Ashoorion, V., Heels-Ansdell, D., Maziak, W., & Guyatt, G. (2017). Electronic nicotine delivery systems and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems for tobacco smoking cessation or reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 7(2), e012680.
27. Etter, J. F. (2010). Electronic cigarettes: a survey of users. BMC public health, 10(1), 231.
28. Etter, J.F, & Bullen, C. (2011). Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction, 106, 2017–2028.
29. Ezzati, M., & Lopez, A. D. (2003). Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000. The Lancet, 362(9387), 847-852.
30. Faner, R., Tal-Singer, R., Riley, J. H., Celli, B., Vestbo, J., MacNee, W., Bakke, P., Calverley, P. M., Coxson, H., Crim, C., Edwards, L. D., Locantore, N., Lomas, D. A., Miller, B. E., Rennard, S. I., Wouters, E. F., Yates, J. C., Silverman, E. K., Agusti, A., & ECLIPSE Study Investigators (2014). Lessons from ECLIPSE: A review of COPD biomarkers. Thorax, 69(7), 666-672.
31. Farsalinos, K. & Polosa, R. (2014). Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 5(2), 67-86.
32. Farsalinos, K. E., Spyrou, A., Tsimopoulou, K., Stefopoulos, C., Romagna, G., & Voudris V. (2014). Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use: comparison between first and new-generation devices. Scientific Reports,4, 4133.
33. Flanders, W. D., Lally, C. A., Zhu, B. P., Henley, S. J., & Thun, M. J. (2003). Lung cancer mortality in relation to age, duration of smoking, and daily cigarette consumption: results from Cancer Prevention Study II. Cancer Research, 63(19), 6556-6562.
34. Fogt, D. L., Levi, M. A., Rickards, C. A., Stelly, S. P., & Cooke, W. H. (2016). Effects of acute vaporized nicotine in non-tobacco users at rest and during exercise. International Journal of Exercise Science, 9(5), 607-615.
35. Franco, T., Trapasso, S., Puzzo, L., & Allegra, E. (2016). Electronic cigarette: Role in the primary prevention of oral cavity cancer. Clinical Medicine Insights: Ear, Nose and Throat. 9, 7-12.
36. Gallus, S., Lugo, A., Colombo, P., Pacifici, R., La Vecchia, C. (2013). Smoking prevalence in Italy 2011 and 2012, with a focus on hand-rolled cigarettes. Preventive Medicine, 56: 314-318.
37. Gallus, S., Zuccaro, P., Colombo, P., Apolone, G., Pacifici, R., Garattini, S., La Vecchia, C. (2006). Effects of new smoking regulations in Italy. Annals of Oncology, 17: 346-347.
38. Gilbert, H. A. (1965). Smokeless non-tobacco cigarette (3,200,819).
39. Giovenco, D. P., & Delnevo, C. D. (2018). Prevalence of population smoking cessation by electronic cigarette use status in a national sample of recent smokers. Addictive behaviors, 76, 129-134.
40. Glasser, A. M., Collins, L., Pearson, J. L., Abudayyeh, H., Niaura, R. S., Abrams, D. B., & Villanti, A. C. (2017). Overview of electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(2), e33-e66.
41. Goldenson, N. I., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Pang, R. D., McBeth, J. F., Pentz, M. A., Samet, J. M., & Leventhal, A. M. (2016). Effects of sweet flavorings and nicotine on the appeal and sensory properties of e-cigarettes among young adult vapers: Application of a novel methodology. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 168, 176-180.
42. Goniewicz, M. L., Smith, D. M., Edwards, K. C., Blount, B. C., Caldwell, K. L., Feng, J., Wang, L., Christensen, C., Ambrose, B., Borek, N., van Bemmel, D., Konkel, K., Erives, G., Stanton, C. A., Lambert, E., Kimmel, H. L., Hatsukami, D., Hecht, S. S., Niaura, R. S., Travers, M., Lawrence, C., & Hyland, A. J. (2018). Comparison of Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure in Users of Electronic Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes. JAMA Network Open, 1(8):e18593
43. Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Begh R, Stead LF, & Hajek P. (2016) Can electronic cigarettes help people stop smoking, and are they safe to use for this purpose? Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9.
44. Hon, L. (2003). U.S. Patent 8393331 B2 Electronic Atomization Cigarette, https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US8393331.
45. Hughes, J.R., Stead, L.F., & Lancaster, T. (2007). Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (1):CD000031.
46. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT) (2015). Annuario statistico Italiano 2013. Available from: https://www.istat.it/it/files//2013/12/ASI_2013.pdf. Accessed December 2, 2017.
47. Jiménez-Ruiz CA, Masa F, Miravitlles M, Gabriel R, Viejo JL, Villasante C, & Sobradillo V. (2001). Smoking characteristics: Differences in attitudes and dependence between healthy smokers and smokers with COPD. Chest, 119(5), 1365-1370.
48. Joossens, L., & Raw, M. (2014). The tobacco control scale 2013 in Europe. A Report pf the Association of European Cancer Leagues.
49. JUUL. (2018). Manufacturing quality: what is JUUL? San Francisco, CA: JUUL Labs, Inc. https://support.juulvapor.com/home/learn/faqs/manufacturing-quality#materials. (Accessed June 14, 2018).
50. Kalkhoran, S., & Glantz, S. A. (2016). E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 4(2), 116-128.
51. Kee, C. (2018). Everything you need to know about the JUUL, including the health effects: Buzzfeed News, 2018.
52. Khoudigian, S., Devji, T., Lytvyn, L., Campbell, K., Hopkins, R., & O’reilly, D. (2016). The efficacy and short-term effects of electronic cigarettes as a method for smoking cessation: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health, 61(2), 257-267.
53. La Vecchia, C., Franceschi, S., & Levi, F. (2003). Epidemiological research on cancer with a focus on Europe. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 12(1), 5-14.
54. Lawler R (2018). Vaporization startup Pax Labs introduces Juul, its next-gen e-cigarette. Techcrunch.com 2015. https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/21/pax-juul/. Accessed June 14, 2018.
55. Lee, Y. O., & Kim, A. E. (2015). ‘Vape shops’ and ‘E-Cigarette lounges’ open across the USA to promote ENDS. Tobacco Control, 24(4), 410-412.
56. Levy, D. T., Yuan, Z., Luo, Y., & Abrams, D. B. (2017). The relationship of E-cigarette use to cigarette quit attempts and cessation: insights from a large, nationally representative US survey. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 1-9.
57. Ling, P. M., & Glantz, S. A. (2005). Tobacco industry consumer research on socially acceptable cigarettes. Tobacco Control, 14(5), e3-e3.
58. Lugo, A., Asciutto, R., Pacifici, R., Colombo, P., La Vecchia, C., & Gallus, S. (2015). Smoking in Italy 2013-2014, with a focus on the young. Tumori Journal, 101(5), 529-534.
59. Lundbäck, B., Lindberg, A., Lindström, M., Rönmark, E., Jonsson, A. C., Jönsson, E., Larsson, L. G., Andersson, S., Sandström, T., Larsson, K., & Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Studies (2003). Not 15 but 50% of smokers develop COPD? Report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden studies. Respiratory Medicine, 97(2), 115-122.
60. Manzoli, L., Flacco, M. E., Ferrante, M., La Vecchia, C., Siliquini, R., Ricciardi, W. (2017). Cohort study of electronic cigarette use: effectiveness and safety at 24 months. Tobacco Control, 26(3), 284-292.
61. Moheimani, R. S., Bhettraratana, M., Yin, F., Peters, K. M., Gornbein, J., Araujo, J. A., & Middlekauff, H. R. (2017). increased cardiac sympathetic activity and oxidative stress in habitual electronic cigarette users: implications for cardiovascular risk. JAMA cardiology, 2(3), 278–284.
62. Mooney, M. E., & Sofuoglu, M. (2006). Bupropion for the treatment of nicotine withdrawal and craving. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 6(7), 965-81.
63. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE]. (2011). Public health guidance scope: Tobacco: Harm-reduction approaches to smoking. London: NICE.
64. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE]. (2013). Public Health Guideline 45Tobacco: Harm-reduction approaches to smoking. London: NICE.
65. Osservatorio Fumo, Droga e Alcol (OSSFAD). (2016). Osservatorio Droga Alcol e Fumo. Rapporto annuale sul fumo. OSSFAD. (2018). Rapporto annuale sul fumo.
66. Perfetti, T. A., & Rodgman, A. (2013). The chemical components of tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: NY CRC press.
67. PHS Guideline Update Panel, Liaisons, and Staff (2008). Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
68. Public Health England [PHE] (2016). E-cigarettes: a developing public health consensus. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/534708/E-cigarettes_joint_consensus_statement_2016.pdf
69. Pulvers, K., Emami, A. S., Nollen, N. L., Romero, D. R., Strong, D. R., Benowitz, N. L., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2016). Tobacco consumption and toxicant exposure of cigarette smokers using electronic cigarettes. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 20(2), 206-214.
70. Radding B (2015). Pax Juul: the iPhone of e-cigs? Mens Fit 2015
71. Richtel, M. A. T. T. (2014). Selling a poison by the barrel: liquid nicotine for e-cigarettes. New York Times, 23.
72. Russell, M. A. H. (1974). Realistic goals for smoking and health: A case for safer smoking. The Lancet, 1, 254-258
73. Sanford, Z., Goebel, M. D., & Lynne, J. (2014). E-cigarettes: an up to date review and discussion of the controversy. West Virginia Medical Journal, 110(4), 10-5.
74. Shahab, L., Goniewicz, M. L., Blount, B. C., Brown, J., McNeill, A., Alwis, K. U., Feng, J., Wang, L., & West, R. (2017). Nicotine, carcinogen, and toxin exposure in long-term e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users: a cross-sectional study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 166(6), 390-400.
75. Siegel, R. L., Jacobs, E. J., Newton, C. C., Feskanich, D., Freedman, N. D., Prentice, R. L., & Jemal, A. (2015). Deaths due to cigarette smoking for 12 smoking-related cancers in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(9), 1574-1576.
76. Sleight, V. J. (2016). A brief history of the electronic cigarette. Journal of Lung, Pulmunary & Respiratory Research 3(5), 1-2.
77. Spindle, T. R., Hiler, M. M., Breland, A. B., Karaoghlanian, N. V., Shihadeh, A. L., & Eissenberg, T. (2016). The influence of a mouthpiece-based topography measurement device on electronic cigarette user’s plasma nicotine concentration, heart rate, and subjective effects under directed and ad libitum use conditions. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19(4), 469-476.
78. St. Helen, G. S., Dempsey, D. A., Havel, C. M., Jacob III, P., & Benowitz, N. L. (2017). Impact of e-liquid flavors on nicotine intake and pharmacology of e-cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 178, 391-398.
79. Stead, L. F., Perera, R., Bullen, C., Mant, D., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Cahill, K., & Lancaster, T. (2012) Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD000146.
80. Stephens, W. E. (2018). Comparing the cancer potencies of emissions from vapourised nicotine products including e-cigarettes with those of tobacco smoke. Tobacco Control, 27(1), 10.
81. Stringhini, S., Carmeli, C., Jokela, M., Avendaño, M., Muennig, P., Guida, F., Ricceri, F., d’Errico, A., Barros, H., Bochud, M., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Costa, G., Delpierre, C., Fraga, S., Goldberg, M., Giles, G. G., Krogh, V., Kelly-Irving, M., Layte, R., Lasserre, A.M., Marmot, M.G., Preisig, M., Shipley, M.J., Vollenweider, P., Zins, M., Kawachi, I., Steptoe, A., Mackenbach, J.P., Vineis, P., Kivimäki, M.; LIFE-PATH consortium. (2017). Socioeconomic status and the 25×25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 17 million men and women. The Lancet, 389 (10075), 1229-1237.
82. Strongin R. M. (2019). E-Cigarette Chemistry and Analytical Detection. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.), 12(1), 23–39.
83. Szołtysek-Bołdys, I., Sobczak, A., Zielińska-Danch, W., Bartoń, A., Koszowski, B., & Kośmider, L. (2014). Influence of inhaled nicotine source on arterial stiffness. Przegladlekarski, 71(11), 572-575.
84. Tobacco Atlas. The Tobacco Atlas. 5th ed. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2015. Available from: http:// www.tobaccoatlas.org/. Accessed June 18, 2018.
85. Tramacere, I., Gallus, S., Fernandez, E., Zuccaro, P., Colombo, P., & La Vecchia, C. (2009). Medium-term effects of the Italian smoke-free legislation: findings from four annual population-based surveys. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 63(7), 559-562.
86. Truth Initiative. What is JUUL? Washington, DC: Truth Initiative, 2018. Accessed June 13, 2018.
87. Vansickel, A. R., Cobb, C. O., Weaver, M. F., & Eissenberg, T. E. (2010). A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic “cigarettes”: nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects. Cancer Epidemiology and Biomarkers & Prevention, 19(8), 1945-1953.
88. Viegi, G., Pedreschi, M., Baldacci, S., Chiaffi, L., Pistelli, F., Modena, P., Vellutini, M., Di Pede, F., & Carrozzi, L. (1999). Prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms and diseases in general population samples of North and Central Italy. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 3(11), 1034-1042.
89. Wedzicha, J. A., & Donaldson, G. C. (2003). Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Care, 48(12), 1204-1215.
90. World Health Organization (WHO) (2003): WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: WHO Press.
91. World Health Organization (WHO) (2008). World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva: WHO. Available from: https://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/. (Accessed April 1, 2018).
92. World Health Organization (WHO) (2012). WHO global report: Mortality attributable to tobacco. Geneva: WHO. Available from: https://www.who.int/tobacco/ publications/surveil- lance/rep_mortality_attributable/en/. Accessed January 1, 2016.
93. World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2013. Enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsors. Geneva: WHO. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85380/9789241505871_eng.pdf;jsessionid=4F65AB792407D94DCA7381BF89EC3D44?sequence=1
94. World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). World No Tobacco Day 2017: Beating tobacco for health, prosperity, the environment and national development. Geneva: WHO. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/no-tobacco-day/en/. Accessed 25, November 2017.
95. World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). WHO global report: Mortality attributable to tobacco. Geneva: WHO. Available form: http://www.who.int/gho/database/en/.
96. Yan, X. S., & D’Ruiz, C. (2015). Effects of using electronic cigarettes on nicotine delivery and cardiovascular function in comparison with regular cigarettes. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 71(1), 24-34.
97. Zemann A. (2011) Smoke chemistry. In: Bernhard D, ed. Cigarette Smoke Toxicity. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA; pp. 55–64.
98. Zenzes, M. T. (2000). Smoking and reproduction: gene damage to human gametes and embryos. Human Reproduction Update, 6 (2), 122-131
99. Zhu, S. H., Sun, J. Y., Bonnevie, E., Cummins, S. E., Gamst, A., Yin, L., & Lee, M. (2014). Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation. Tobacco Control, 23(3), 3-9.
100. Zhu, S. H., Zhuang, Y. L., Wong, S., Cummins, S. E., & Tedeschi, G. J. (2017). E-cigarette use and associated changes in population smoking cessation: evidence from US current population surveys. The BMJ, 358, j3262.