The mediating role of illness perception in the relationship between psychological hardiness and the health status of covid-19 (coronavirus disease) survived patients
This study investigates whether the illness perception mediates the relationship between psychological hardiness and the health status of Covid-19 survived patients. In a cross-sectional study, 205 Covid-19 were selected by purposive sampling from Qom (the first coronavirus epidemiological site in Iran) and responded to Abridged Hardiness Scale (AHS) and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results: The results of correlation showed that the relationship between AHS scores with PHQ-9 (P<0.01) and Brief IPQ (P<0.01) was negative and significant. The relationship between Brief IPQ and PHQ-9 scores was also positive and significant (P<0.01). The proposed mediating model had a relatively good fit. However, a better fit was achieved by releasing several covariance errors and explained 47% of the PHQ-9 scores (χ2/df=2.46, RMSEA=0.075, CFI=0.950, PCFI=0.689, IFI=0.953, GFI=0.964). The Bootstrap analysis showed that Brief IPQ scores significantly mediated the relationship between AHS and PHQ-9 scores (95% CI: -0.073 to -0.002). The findings suggest a more negative perception of perceptions Covid-19 disease is associated with lower levels of patient health. As a mediating variable, it prevents the positive effects of psychological hardiness on improving patients’ health. The application of these findings has been discussed.
1. Zulkifli NA, Sivapatham S, Guan NC. Brief Psychotic Disorder in Relation to Coronavirus,COVID-19 Outbreaks: A Case Report. Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020;29(1).
2. Ko CH,Yen CF,Yen JY,Yang MJ.Psychosocial impact among the public of the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Taiwan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.2006;60(4):397-403.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01522.x
3. Taha S, Matheson K, Cronin T, Anisman H.Intolerance of uncertainty,appraisals,coping,and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Br J Health Psychol.2014;19(3):592-605. doi:10.1111/bjh p.12058
4. Wang Y,Xu B,Zhao G,Cao R,He X,Fu S.Is quarantine related to immediate negative psychological consequences during the 2009 H1N1 epidemic? General Hospital Psychiatry.2011;33(1):75-77.doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.11.001
5. Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho AR, Kim T, Park JK.Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry.2018;87:123-127.doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
6. Elizarraras-Rivas J, Vargas-Mendoza JE, Mayoral-García M, et al. Psychological response of family members of patients hospitalised for influenza A/H1N1 in Oaxaca, Mexico. BMC Psychiatry.2010;10(1):104.doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-104
7. Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. IJERPH.2020;17(6):2032.doi:10.3390/ijerph17062032
8. Kobasa SC, Maddi SR, Zola MA. Type A and hardiness.J Behav Med.1983;6(1):41-51. doi:10.1007/bf00845275
9. Ghafourian-Boroujerdnia M,Shiravi Z,Hamid N,Hemmati AA, Kooti W. The Relationship of Hardiness and Immune System Cells. Journal of Isfahan Medical School.2014;31(260).
10. Petrie KJ, Jago LA, Devcich DA. The role of illness perceptions in patients with medical conditions.Current Opinion in Psychiatry.2007;20(2):163-167.do i:10.1097/yco.0b013e328014a871
11. Moss-Morris R, Chalder T. Illness perceptions and levels of disability in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research.2003;55(4):305-308.doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00013-8
12. Goodyear MDE, Krleza-Jeric K, Lemmens T.The Declaration of Helsinki. BMJ(Clinical research ed).2007;335(7621):624-625. doi:10.1136/bmj.39339.610000.be
13. Kobasa SC. The hardy personality: Toward a social psychology of stress and health. Social psychology of health and illness. 1982;4:3-32.
14. Zare H, Aminpour H. Psychological tests. Tehran,Aeezh. Published 2011.http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/2537151
15. Broadbent E, Petrie KJ, Main J, Weinman J.The brief illness perception questionnaire. Journal of Psychosomatic Research.2006;60(6):631-637.doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.10.020
16. Bazzazian S, Besharat MA. Attachment styles,illness perception and quality of life in patients with type I diabetes. J Contemporary.2010;5(1):3-11.doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.217
17. Ardestani MS, Ashtiani RD, Rezaei Z, Vasegh S,Gudarzi SS. Validation of Persian version of PHQ-9 for diagnosis of major depressive episode in psychiatric wards in IRAN. International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences.2019;5(2):1-8.doi:10.22037/ijab s.v5i2.21094
18. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods.2008;40(3):879-891. doi:10.3758/br m.40.3.879
19. Kline R. Data Preparation and Psychometrics Review. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling.4th ed.Guilford;2016:64-96.
20. Teo T, Noyes J. Explaining the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers: a multi-group analysis of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Interactive Learning Environments.2014;22(1):51-66.doi:10.1080/10494820.2011.641674
21. Meyers LS,Gamst G, Guarino AJ. Applied Multivariate Research: Design and Interpretation. Sage publications;2006.
22. Kobasa SC. tressful life events, personality, and health: an inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1979;37(1):1. doi:10.1007/bf00845275
23. Tadayon M, Dabirizadeh S, Zarea K, Behroozi N,Haghighizadeh MH. Investigating the relationship between psychological hardiness and resilience with depression in women with breast cancer. The Gulf Journal of Oncology.2018;1(28):23-30.
24. Karabulutlu Y, Okanli A. The evaluation of illness perceptions in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health.2011;14:25-30. doi:10.29252/ijn.30.108.60
25. Uysal Y, Akpinar E. Illness perception and depression of type 2 diabetic patients. Cukurova Medical Journal.2013;38(1):31-40.
26. Vaughan R, Morrison L, Miller E. The illness representations of multiple sclerosis and their relations to outcome. British journal of health psychology.2003;8(3):287-301. doi:10.1348/135910703322370860
27. Cooper A, Lloyd G, Weinman J, Jackson G. Why patients do not attend cardiac rehabilitation: role of intentions and illness beliefs. Heart.1999;82(2):234-236.doi:10.1136/hrt.82.2.234