Examine the Role of Psychological Resilience in Predicting Social and Professional Performance in Patients with Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Rheumatism
Psychological resilience is one of the most important factors that help a person adapt to the difficulties of life. The present study aimed to examine the role of psychological resilience in the social and professional functioning of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A total of 301 individuals (58.8% female) participated in the study. Approximately 44% of participants were diagnosed with diabetes, 28% with rheumatoid arthritis, and around 25% with multiple sclerosis. Two psychometric measures were used to achieve the objectives of the present study: the Psychological Resilience Scale and the Performance of Social and Occupational Functions Scale. Regression analyses were used to examine the amount of variance predicted by psychological resilience in terms of the following variables of social and professional functions: relationships, communication, social activities, entertainment activities, life skills, employment-based job functions, and unemployment-based job functions. Results revealed that psychological resilience positively predicted social and occupational functions among all illnesses. Resilience best predicted social and professional functions among MS patients, followed by diabetes patients and RA patients. These findings highlight the role of psychological resilience in improving the social and occupational performance of patients with chronic illnesses and the positive relationship between employment and resilience.
1. Livneh H, Antonak RF. Psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability: A primer for counselors.J Couns Dev.2005;83(1):12-20. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00575.x
2. Reich JW, Zautra AJ, Stuart Hall J. Handbook of Adult Resilience- Google Books. The Guilford Press New York;2010.https://books.google.nl/books?hl=en&lr=&id=I4nB8DkSq-wC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Handbook+of+Adult+Resilience,+edited+by+John+W.+Reich,+et+al.&ots=IpqOdEh19r&sig=o69BwgHqzMjP5LFMeKBKzMlwdqc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Handbook
3. Basim HN,etin F. The reliability and validity of the resilience scale for adults-Turkish version. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi.2011;22(2):104-114.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638232/
4. Gheshlagh RG, Sayehmiri K, Ebadi A,Dalvandi A,Dalvand S, Tabrizi KN. Resilience of patients with chronic physical diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(7).doi:10.5812/ircmj.38562
5. Stewart DE, Yuen T. A Systematic Review of Resilience in the Physically Ill. Psychosomatics.2011;52(3):199-209.doi:10.1016/j.psym.2011.01.036
6. World Health Organization. Diabetes. Published 2021.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
7. Badescu SV,Tataru C,Kobylinska L,et al.The association between Diabetes mellitus and Depression.JMed Life.2016;9(2):120-125.
8. Walton C, King R, Rechtman L,et al. Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Sclerr Int Journal.2020;26(14):1816-1821. doi:10.1177/1352458520970841
9. Rao SM, Huber SJ, Bornstein RA. Emotional changes with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.J Consult Clin Psychol.1992;60(3):369-378.do i:10.1037/0022-006x.60.3.369
10. Nicholl CR, Lincoln NB, Francis VM, Stephan TF.Assessment of emotional problems in people with multiple sclerosis. Clin Rehabil.2001;15(6):657-668.oi:10.1191/0269215501cr427oa
11. Isik A, Koca SS, Ozturk A, Mermi O. Anxiety and depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol.2007;26(6):872-878.doi:10.1007/s10067-006-0407-y
12. Fournier M, De Ridder D, Bensing J. Optimism and adaptation to chronic disease: The role of optimism in relation to self-care options of type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Br J Health Psychol.2002;7(4):409-432.do i:10.1348/135910702320645390
13. Johnston-Brooks CH, Lewis MA, Garg S. Self-efficacy impacts self-care and HbA1c in young adults with Type I diabetes. Psychosom Med.2002;64(1):43-51. doi:10.1097/00006842-20020100-00007
14. Pollock SE. Human responses to chronic illness:Physiologic and psychosocial adaptation. Nurs Res.1986;36(2):90-97. doi:10.1097/00006199-198603000-00008
15. Ross ME. Hardiness and Compliance in Elderly Patients With Diabetes. Diabetes Educ.1991;17(5):372-375. doi:10.1177/014572179101700508
16. Tennen H, Affleck G. Benefit-finding and benefit-reminding. In: Snyder CR, Lopez SJ, eds. Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press;2002.
17. Pakenham KI, Cox S. Development of the benefit finding in multiple sclerosis(MS) caregiving scale: A longitudinal study of relations between benefit finding and adjustment. Br J Health Psychol.2008;13(4):583-602. doi:10.1348/135910707x250848
18. Sato M, Yamazaki Y, Sakita M, Bryce TJ. Benefit-finding among people with rheumatoid arthritis in Japan.Nurs Health Sci.2008;10(1):51-58.doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00372.x
19. De Ridder D, Schreurs K, Bensing J. The relative benefits of being optimistic: Optimism as a coping resource in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.BrJ Health Psychol.2000;5(2):141-155.doi:10.1348/135910700168829
20. Haynes DF, J. Watt P. The lived experience of healthy behaviors in people with debilitating illness.Holist Nurs Pract.2008;22(1):44-53. doi:10.1097/01.hnp.0000306328.34085.57
21. Lambert VA, Lambert CE Jr, Klipple GL, Mewshaw EA. Social Support, Hardiness and Psychological Well-Being in Women with Arthritis. Image J Nurs Scholarsh.1989;21(3):128-131.doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1989.tb00116.x
22. Liu L, Xu X, Xu N, Wang L. Disease activity,resilience and health-related quality of life in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A multi-center, cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes.2017;15(1):1-10.doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0725-6
23. Gong G, Mao J. Health-related quality of life among Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis:The predictive roles of fatigue, functional disability,self-efficacy, and social support. Nurs Res.2016;65(1):55-67. doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000137
24. Hamilton NA, Zautra AJ, Reich J. Individual differences in emotional processing and reactivity to pain among older women with rheumatoid arthritis.Clin J Pain.2007;23(2):165-172. doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31802b4f58
25. Smith BW, Zautra AJ. Vulnerability and resilience in women with arthritis: test of a two-factor model.J Consult Clin Psychol.2008;76(5):799-810.doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.5.799
26. Xu NL, Zhao S, Xue HX, et al. Associations of perceived social support and positive psychological resources with fatigue symptom in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS ONE.2017;12(3):e0173293. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173293
27. Treharne GJ, Kitas GD, Lyons AC, Booth DA. Well-being in rheumatoid arthritis: The effects of disease duration and psychosocial factors. Br J Health Psychol.2005;10(3):457-474. doi:10.1177/1359105305051416
28. Connor KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale(CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety.2003;18(2):76-82.doi:10.1002/da.10113
29. Wang WH, Yu HY, Yen DJ,et al. The Social and Occupational Functioning Scale for Epilepsy(SOFSE):A brief measure of functional status in a Taiwanese sample with epilepsy. Epilepsia.2013;54(5):888-897.doi:10.1111/epi.12141
30. Yokota RT, Van der Heyden J, Demarest S, et al.Contribution of chronic diseases to the mild and severe disability burden in Belgium. Arch Public Health.2015;73(1).doi:10.1186/s13690-015-0083-y
31. Pakenham KI, Cox S. The dimensional structure of benefit finding in multiple sclerosis and relations with positive and negative adjustment: A longitudinal study. Psychol Health.2009;24(4):373-393.doi:10.1080/08870440701832592
32. Vijayasingham L, Mairami FF. Employment of patients with multiple sclerosis: the influence of psychosocial-structural coping and context. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis.2018;8:15-24. doi:10.2147/dnnd.s131729