AccScience Publishing / HPR / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/HPR026270142
COMMENTARY

The smartphone as a third actor in the parent–child relationship

Pasquale Caponnetto1,2* Maria Chiara D’Amico3
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1 Department of Science of Education, Section of Psychology, University of Catania, Catania, Sicily, Italy
2 Psychiatry Unit, AOU Policlinico G. Rodolico–San Marco, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
3 Unit of Anesthesia, Policlinico “G. Rodolico–SanMarco,” Catania, Sicily, Italy
Received: 9 June 2026 | Revised: 4 August 2026 | Accepted: 11 August 2026 | Published online: 20 August 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
Abstract

The problematic use of electronic devices among minors is increasing, and specific withdrawal symptoms mark the addictive nature of this use. This Commentary offers a different perspective on the problem, proposing the smartphone as a third actor in the parent–child relationship: the issue involves not only minors but also their parents—how parents use smartphones, and how they mediate the relationship between children and smartphones. Specific constructs have been theorized to explain how this use interferes with the parent–child relationship. Technoference refers to the continuous, daily interruptions of parent–child interactions caused by smartphone use. The type of parent–child attachment is also important to consider, as children have been found to seek satisfaction of certain needs online when parents do not adequately respond to their requests. Active parental mediation is recommended to regulate children’s smartphone use, favoring shared rules and dialogue over restrictive control. Future research should focus on the role of fathers in the intergenerational transmission of problematic smartphone use.

Keywords
smartphone use
parent-child relationship
technoference
parental phubbing
attachment
family theory
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
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Health Psychology Research, Electronic ISSN: 2420-8124 Published by AccScience Publishing